微量元素铜在反刍动物生产中的应用研究进展

铜在反刍动物体内有着非常重要的作用,它是维持反刍动物机体正常生理功能、生化代谢及生长发育所必需的微量元素,很多依赖于铜的酶在机体内发挥着重要作用,青藏高原的牧草由于冷季缺乏铜而导致放牧家畜容易出现铜缺乏症状,影响放牧家畜的生长及生产性能的提高,为此需要给放牧家畜补充一定量的铜,但是铜在反刍动物体内的吸收率较低且受到很多因素的影响,可以通过研究这些因素来提高铜的吸收效率,以避免对环境造成污染。铜可以促进瘤胃微生物生长,提高产气量和能量利用效率来提高瘤胃发酵效率和营养物质消化率,还可以提高反刍动物免疫功能和抗氧化性能,最终铜可以提高反刍动物的生产性能,不同反刍动物或者相同反刍动物在不同的生理阶段对铜的需要量不一致,在添加铜时要按照营养需要量结合生产实际添加,以提高铜的添加效率。文章综述了铜吸收及影响因素、铜对反刍动物瘤胃发酵、营养物质消化率、免疫功能、抗氧化性能、生产性能的影响,旨在为铜在反刍动物生产中科学应用提供借鉴和参考。     

鼻腔免疫疫苗的前景和未来面临的挑战

与传统接种方式的疫苗相比,鼻腔免疫疫苗有更多的优势,主要包括:接种方式便捷,无需处理针头,使从业人员免受针刺损伤,接种者对鼻腔疫苗产品的接受度较高等,这令鼻腔免疫技术得到迅速发展。鼻腔免疫疫苗未来面临的主要挑战是:如何将体外试验数据转化为临床效果;制定接种方案时,应特别关注如何让这种独特的黏膜接种途径满足更多疾病、更多人群和更广泛的医疗环境条件需求。本综述从鼻腔接种疫苗的现状、应用前景等方面进行阐述,同时,依据鼻腔结构和生理学特点,概述了通过鼻腔免疫的颗粒溶剂的包装形式和使用方法,以及鼻腔免疫的优缺点。     

Toll样受体信号通路在两栖类中的研究进展

两栖类处于脊椎动物由水生向陆生进化的过渡阶段,进化地位重要。近年来因疾病的爆发、生境破碎化、环境污染、紫外辐射增加、人为过度捕捉和生物入侵等诸多因素引起的全球范围内两栖类种群数量锐减已引起人们的广泛关注。Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)家族是一类从线虫到哺乳动物普遍存在的高度保守的模式识别受体(PRRs),可以识别侵入机体病原体的病原相关分子模式(PAMPs),是两栖类先天性免疫防御系统的重要组成部分。本文结合近些年国内外对两栖类TLRs的研究对两栖类TLRs结构特征、进化特点、在两栖类发育早期的差异表达特征和两栖类TLRs信号通路中相关分子的表达研究进行概述。目前对于两栖类TLRs的研究发现两栖类TLRs兼具鱼类和哺乳类TLRs的特征,并在从鱼类到两栖类到哺乳类的进化过程中,TLRs家族部分成员如TLR2的配体识别功能可能发生了一定程度的特化;在两栖类早期发育阶段,获得性免疫不够完善,以TLRs为主的先天免疫防御系统在抵御病原体的侵袭方面发挥了重要作用;在特定病原菌和病毒的胁迫下,可能激活了TLRs下游不同的途径参与两栖类对病原体的免疫应答反应。     

ImmuneDEX: a strategy for the genetic improvement of immune competence in Australian Angus cattle

In animal breeding and genetics, the ability to cope with disease, here defined as immune competence (IC), with minimal detriment to growth and fertility is a desired objective which addresses both animal production and welfare considerations. However, defining and objectively measuring IC phenotypes using testing methods which are practical to apply on-farm has been challenging. Based on previously described protocols, we measured both cell-mediated immune response (Cell-IR) and antibody-mediated immune response (Ab-IR) and combined these measures to determine an animal’s IC. Using a population of 2,853 Australian Angus steers and heifers, we compared 2 alternative methods to combine both metrics into a single phenotype to be used as a tool for the genetic improvement of IC. The first method, named Z_MEAN, is obtained by taking the average of the individual metrics after subjecting each to a Z-score standardization. The second, ImmuneDEX (IDEX), is a weighted average that considers the correlation between Cell-IR and Ab-IR, as well as the difference in ranking of individuals by each metric, and uses these as weights in the averaging. Both simulation and real data were used to understand the behavior of Z_MEAN and IDEX. To further ascertain the relationship between IDEX and other traits of economic importance, we evaluated a range of traits related to growth, feedlot performance, and carcass characteristics. We report estimates of heritability of 0.31 ± 0.06 for Cell-IR, 0.42 ± 0.06 for Ab-IR, 0.42 ± 0.06 for Z_MEAN and 0.370 ± 0.06 for IDEX, as well as a unity genetic correlation (r_g) between Z_MEAN and IDEX. While a moderately positive r_g was estimated between Cell-IR and Ab-IR (r_g = 0.33 ± 0.12), strongly positive estimates were obtained between IDEX and Cell-IR (r_g = 0.80 ± 0.05) and between IDEX and Ab-IR (r_g = 0.85 ± 0.04). We obtained a moderately negative r_g between IC traits and growth including an r_g = −0.38 ± 0.14 between IDEX and weaning weight, and negligible with carcass fat measurements, including an r_g = −0.03 ± 0.12 between IDEX and marbling. Given that breeding with a sole focus on production might inadvertently increase susceptibility to disease and associated antibiotic use, our analyses suggest that ImmuneDEX will provide a basis to breed animals that are both highly productive and with an enhanced ability to resist disease.     

Lipopolysaccharide endotoxin injections elevated salivary TNFα and corneal temperatures and induced dynamic changes in circulating leukocytes,inflammatory cytokines,and metabolic indicators in wether lambs

Pathogenic infections increase morbidity and reduce performance in livestock, and thus understanding the comprehensive physiological changes associated with infections can benefit production sustainability. In this study, we sought to investigate such physiological responses to an acute immune challenge in lambs. Polypay wethers received single IV injections of 1.5 µg/kg lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS-injected; n = 6) or saline (controls; n = 6). Corneal temperatures (via infrared thermography), rectal temperatures, blood, plasma, and saliva were assessed every 2 hr for 10 hr after injections. Blood was also assessed at 24 hr. LPS-injected lambs exhibited elevated (P < 0.05) corneal and rectal temperatures that peaked at 4 hr but were still slightly greater (P < 0.05) than controls at 10 hr. Circulating total white blood cells, monocytes, and granulocytes were reduced (P < 0.05) in LPS-injected lambs within the first 4 hr but were subsequently greater (P < 0.05) than in controls. Lymphocytes were reduced (P < 0.05) in LPS-injected lambs over the first 8 hr and did not differ from controls thereafter. Red blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were increased (P < 0.05) in LPS-injected lambs over the first 6 hr, indicating mild dehydration. Blood glucose briefly increased (P < 0.05) in LPS-injected lambs at 2 hr but was less (P < 0.05) than in controls thereafter. Blood lactate was greater (P < 0.05) in LPS-injected lambs between 6 and 10 hr after injections, which together with reduced (P < 0.05) CO₂ partial pressure indicated a metabolic shift toward glycolysis. LPS-injected lambs exhibited a transient increase (P < 0.05) in plasma TNFα at 2 and 4 hr only and sustained increases (P < 0.05) in CXCL9 and CXCL10 beginning at 6 and 4 hr, respectively. They also exhibited a mild, paradoxical increase (P < 0.05) in the anti-inflammatory sFRP3. Salivary TNFα was increased (P < 0.05) in LPS-injected lambs at 2 hr only. Regression analyses indicated that rectal temperatures were a generally poor predictor of the other inflammatory components in this study, with the exception of circulating leukocyte populations. Likewise, correlations among the 10 cytokines measured in this study were generally weak, with notable exceptions between CXCL9 and CXCL10 and between IL-21 and IFNγ. These findings demonstrate that physiological changes to even short-lived immune challenges are dynamic in nature and persist beyond the time frame of febrile responses and other common assessments.     

Precursor‐targeted immune‐mediated anemia in a dog with a stage IV mast cell tumor and bone marrow infiltration

A 12‐year‐old spayed female Shiba Inu dog was referred to our hospital for a suspected mast cell tumor (MCT) of the bone marrow (BM). Laboratory abnormalities included severe nonregenerative anemia (packed cell volume or PCV: 12.5%; reference interval (RI): 37.3‐61.7%; reticulocytes: 35.1 × 10³/µL; RI: 10‐110 × 10³/µL), and a few mast cells were visualized in the blood smear examination. The BM was hypercellular with hematopoietic cells, a decreased myeloid:erythroid (M:E) ratio (0.77; RI, 0.9‐1.8), and no dysplastic hematopoietic cells. Mast cells accounted for 11.5% of the total nucleated BM cells. Neoplastic mast cells and histiocytes phagocytizing erythroid progenitor cells were occasionally noted. The dog was diagnosed with precursor‐targeted immune‐mediated anemia (PIMA) concurrent and a stage IV MCT infiltrating the BM. Multimodal treatment included toceranib, imatinib, vinblastine, lomustine (CCNU), prednisolone, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and a blood transfusion. The dog died due to MCT progression lasting 139 days after the initial BM examination. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a dog presenting with PIMA and a stage IV MCT infiltrating the BM.     

猪丹毒丝菌CbpB蛋白对小鼠的免疫效果分析

探究猪丹毒丝菌（ER）CbpB蛋白的免疫原性和保护作用,为深入研制ER基因工程亚单位疫苗提供新的思路和技术储备。以表达的ER重组蛋白CbpB、SpaA、CbpB+SpaA以及ER灭活全菌体（V-AEr21）、商品化弱毒疫苗、商品化灭活疫苗分别免疫小鼠。利用间接ELISA检测小鼠血清中IgG抗体,血清杀菌试验测定功能性抗体水平,攻毒试验测定免疫保护率,组织荷菌数试验测定ER定植情况,并采集小鼠组织脏器（脾、肺、肝、肾）制备切片,观察病理变化。结果显示：与免疫原性最优的商品化弱毒疫苗相比,CbpB和SpaA虽产生的IgG抗体均仅为1∶6 400,但血清杀菌效果强;对小鼠的免疫攻毒保护率与商品化弱毒疫苗相同,均为100%,且在脾、肺、肝、肾组织中均无细菌定植,病理组织学观察与空白对照无明显区别。CbpB重组蛋白具有良好的免疫原性和保护作用,能刺激机体产生体液免疫和细胞免疫,可以作为猪丹毒基因工程亚单位疫苗的候选抗原。     

猪脾转移因子提高LaSota株鸡新城疫弱毒疫苗的免疫保护率

旨在了解猪脾转移因子（TF）对新城疫病毒（NDV）弱毒疫苗LaSota株的免疫增强效果及机制。本研究分别采用不同剂量（10^-2、10^-3、10^-4、10^-5羽份） LaSota疫苗株单独（单独免疫组）、LaSota疫苗株与TF联合（联合免疫组）免疫SPF鸡,14 d后以NDV F₄₈E₉强毒攻毒,同时设立对照组（非免疫攻毒）和空白组（非免疫非攻毒）,并采用ELISA方法与蛋白质芯片技术分别测定外周血IL-4、IFN-γ与IL-12 P40浓度。结果显示,鸡免疫10^-2、10^-3、10^-4、10^-5羽份时疫苗攻毒保护率和半数保护量（PD₅₀）如下：单独免疫组分别为100%、55%、0%、0%和0.000 8羽份,联合免疫组分别为100%、75%、0%、0%和0.000 5羽份,对照组和空白组死亡率分别为100%和0%。免疫10^-3羽份疫苗后,联合免疫组IL-4和IFN-γ含量均高于其他组,并于第7、14天差异极显著（P<0.01）;攻毒后,联合免疫组IL-4、IFN-γ和IL-12 P40含量均高于其他组,IL-4于第1、14天,IFN-γ于第1、3天,IL-12 P40于第1天差异极显著（P<0.01）。综上表明,TF可增强IFN-γ、IL-12介导的细胞免疫和IL-4介导的体液免疫,提高LaSota株弱毒疫苗的免疫保护率,降低疫苗PD₅₀;在抵抗NDV F₄₈E₉强毒攻击时,联合免疫组的免疫保护率明显高于单独免疫组。     

太子参参须提取物对小鼠血清免疫指标和抗氧化指标的影响

研究太子参参须提取物(RPFRE)对小鼠血清免疫指标和抗氧化指标的影响。将40只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为空白对照组、RPFRE低剂量组(100 mg/kg)、RPFRE中剂量组(200 mg/kg)和RPFRE高剂量组(400 mg/kg),给空白对照组小鼠灌胃蒸馏水,给RPFRE组小鼠分别灌胃相应剂量的RPFRE,连续2周。第15天,采集小鼠血液,检测血清抗氧化指标(T-AOC、SOD、MDA)和免疫指标(免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA及补体C₃、C₄)。结果显示,与对照组相比,RPFRE高剂量组小鼠IgG含量、低剂量组IgM含量、中剂量组补体C₃含量均显著升高(P<0.05);3个剂量RPFRE组T-AOC极显著升高(P<0.01)。说明RPFRE能不同程度提高小鼠免疫功能和抗氧化功能。     

2016—2019年云南省昆明市小反刍兽疫集中监测

为切实做好云南省小反刍兽疫消灭工作,保障羊产业稳定健康发展,依据《国家中长期动物疫病防治规划(2012—2020年)》和《全国小反刍兽疫消灭计划(2016—2020年)》要求,2016—2019年分别采用ELISA、RT-PCR方法,在昆明市开展了小反刍兽疫免疫抗体和病毒核酸检测。结果显示:909个集中监测养殖场点的8972份血清样品中,检出免疫合格场点841个,平均场点免疫合格率为92.5%;检出免疫合格样品7405份,平均个体免疫合格率为82.53%,虽然超过了农业农村部要求的不低于70%的标准,但各年度的个体合格率有下降趋势;规模场和散养户的个体免疫合格率分别为84.97%和82.07%,场点合格率分别为83.33%和93.38%,均无显著差异(P>0.05);不同县(市、区)的个体免疫合格率为77.36~93.17%,场点合格率为83.33%~98.55%,差异均不显著(P>0.05);在3812份羊眼(鼻)棉拭子和组织样品中检出疑似核酸阳性2份,分别来自2个散养户。结果表明:昆明市小反刍兽疫整体防控效果较好,发生大面积流行的风险较低,但仍有散发疫情风险。因此,仍需继续做好小反刍兽疫的强制免疫、监测和流行病学调查工作,同时加强羊只的引种检疫和流通监管,最终到达消灭小反刍兽疫的目标。